Science & Justice RSS feed: Articles in Press. Science & Justice provides a forum to promote communication and publication of original articles, reviews and correspondence on subjects that spark debates within the Forensic Science Community and the criminal justice sector. The journal provides a medium whereby all aspects of applying science to legal proceedings can be debated and progressed. Science & Justice is published four times a year, and will be of interest primarily to practising forensic scientists and their colleagues in related fields. It is chiefly concerned with the publication of formal scientific papers, in keeping with its international learned status, but will not accept any article describing experimentation on animals which does not meet strict ethical standards. Promote communication and informed debate within the Forensic Science Community and the criminal justice sector. To promote the publication of learned and original research findings from all areas of the forensic sciences and by so doing to advance the profession. To promote the publication of case based material by way of case reviews. To promote the publication of book reviews and conference proceedings which are of interest to the forensic science community. Scope: To provide a medium whereby all aspects of applying science to legal proceedings can be debated and progressed. To appeal to all those with an interest in the forensic sciences. Science & Justice has an Impact Factor of 0.838 on the 2010 Journal Citation Reports®, published by Thomson Reuters. http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com//inpress?rss=yesElsevier Inc.en © 2012 Forensic Science Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Science & Justice1355-03062012-02-01 © 2012 Forensic Science Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. healthpermissions@elsevier.comhttp://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030612000020/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: This case study has been presented so as to inform the general forensic community what the scientific issues were in relating to the fibre evidence, describes the interpretational issues raised by the scientists, highlights the inequality of arms that exists between the state and the individual in cases where a miscarriage of justice may have occurred and exposes weaknesses in the current quality system proposed by the Forensic Regulator.The case of Simon Hall - Corrected ProofTiernan Coyle10.1016/j.scijus.2012.01.001Science & Justice (2012)2012-02-01Science & Justice2012-02-01http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030612000032/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: In 2009, the National Research Council published a report stating that the addition of more science and technology into the field of forensic science in the United States would be of great benefit to the judicial system. As a starting point to address this NRC report, one needs to make an assessment of the system. One factor that is continuously requested is an estimate of an error rate. In any given scientific area of forensics that is difficult to quantitate except by external review and audits. After eight years of requested defense review of cases with biological and DNA evidence, most cases appear to be scientifically sound in test methods and procedures. However, there were some cases where errors in the forensic science process did occur. This article takes information compiled from those eight years of defense review and summarizes the cases where errors have been discovered and discusses the scientific implications of these errors. The scope of this article is limited to crime scene collection and forensic science laboratory testing of biological materials for body fluid identification and DNA individualization to a source. The greatest value of defense review comes from (a) providing effective balance and independent oversight to the judicial process and (b) collecting data into a format that can be useful as a guide in training programs.The importance of scientific evaluation of biological evidence — Data from eight years of case review - Corrected ProofHeather Miller Coyle10.1016/j.scijus.2012.01.002Science & Justice (2012)2012-02-01Science & Justice2012-02-01http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001481/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The introduction of electronic systems into the comparison of weapon marks in the mid 1990s caused a revolution in the discipline of “forensic ballistics”. Most European states now use this technology to search their national open case files.Globalisation of crime and the loss of effective border controls have made the idea of a unified European ballistic system seem logical.The article critically considers the requirements and possible outcomes of such a system. Based on the experience of forensic practitioners it seems probable that a shared European electronic ballistic system will be of a very limited value at present. Further improvements of existing systems to reach compatibility are encouraged.A discussion on the usefulness of a shared European ballistic image database - Corrected ProofJ. De Ceuster, R. Hermsen, M. Mastaglio, R. Nennstiel10.1016/j.scijus.2011.12.003Science & Justice (2012)2012-01-25Science & Justice2012-01-25http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001456/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: This paper summarizes the results of previous work on the microscopic observation of linear dichroism found in dyed fibres (polyesters, polyamides, wool, silk, cotton, viscose, acrylics and acetates) and in pigmented fibres as well as the measurements on these fibre classes using microspectrophotometry with plane polarized light (MSP-PPL). The validation of this method is discussed and a practical tool is proposed for comparing fibre traces with control fibres. The limitations and strengths of this method are also revised.The use of linear dichroism in forensic fibre examinations — Part 6. Validation and practical aspects of MSP-PPL - Corrected ProofK. De Wael, L. Lepot, K. Lunstroot10.1016/j.scijus.2011.11.003Science & Justice (2012)2012-01-24Science & Justice2012-01-24http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS135503061100147X/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The evidential significance of car seat fibres has been investigated. Thirty six samples of car seat fabric were examined and the fibres catalogued according to their morphology and characteristics. The majority of car seat fibres were black or grey thick polyester fibres that were either dyed or pigmented. The MSP spectra produced were unlike those usually obtained from black or grey polyester fibres used in clothing. Tapings taken from car seats were examined for car seat fibres, various types were found showing that these fibres are expected to shed from the fabric albeit in low numbers, unless the vehicle is older. No fibres that matched the samples of the car seat fabric were found on the tapings of the car seats. One hundred garments were examined for car seat fibres, 10% of garments had populations of such fibres present and 41% had at least one car seat fibre present. None of these fibres matched the samples of the car seat fabric or those from the car seat tapings.Fibres used in the construction of car seats — An assessment of evidential value - Corrected ProofT. Coyle, J. Jones, C. Shaw, R. Friedrichs10.1016/j.scijus.2011.12.002Science & Justice (2012)2012-01-20Science & Justice2012-01-20http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001493/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Estimating the time since discharge of a spent cartridge or a firearm can be useful in criminal situations involving firearms. The analysis of volatile gunshot residue remaining after shooting using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography (GC) was proposed to meet this objective. However, current interpretative models suffer from several conceptual drawbacks which render them inadequate to assess the evidential value of a given measurement. This paper aims to fill this gap by proposing a logical approach based on the assessment of likelihood ratios. A probabilistic model was thus developed and applied to a hypothetical scenario where alternative hypotheses about the discharge time of a spent cartridge found on a crime scene were forwarded. In order to estimate the parameters required to implement this solution, a non-linear regression model was proposed and applied to real published data. The proposed approach proved to be a valuable method for interpreting aging-related data.Estimating the time since discharge of spent cartridges: A logical approach for interpreting the evidence - Corrected ProofMatteo Gallidabino, Céline Weyermann, Francesco Saverio Romolo, Franco Taroni10.1016/j.scijus.2011.12.004Science & Justice (2012)2012-01-20Science & Justice2012-01-20http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001109/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The Association of Chief Police Officers commissioned Skills for Justice to develop a competence assessment framework to support police forces' scientific support units evidence the competence of their staff against nationally agreed standards of competence. This will also help forces on their journey towards ISO 17025 and ISO 17020 accreditation. A six point framework has been developed and published and is now being implemented across many forces.A competence assessment framework for scientific support within policing in England and Wales - Corrected ProofCharles Welsh10.1016/j.scijus.2011.10.004Science & Justice (2011)2011-12-26Science & Justice2011-12-26http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001444/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Footwear impression lifting and enhancement techniques may be affected by several variables introduced during the production of test footwear impressions, thus limiting the usefulness of enhancement technique comparisons and the results obtained. One such variable is the force applied when the impressed mark is being made. Producing consistent test impressions for research into footwear enhancement techniques would therefore be beneficial. This study was designed to control pressure in the production of test footwear impressions when mimicking a stamping action. Twenty-seven volunteers were asked to stamp on two different surfaces and the average stamping force was recorded.Information from the data obtained was used to design and build a mechanical device which could be calibrated to consistently deliver footwear impressions with the same force onto a receiving surface. Preliminary experiments using this device and different contaminants on the footwear sole have yielded consistent and repeatable impressions. Controlling the variable of pressure for the production of test impressions in this study demonstrated that the differences observed were visual (due to the amount of contaminant transferred and subsequent enhancement) and did not affect the replication of outer sole characteristics. This paper reports the development of the device and illustrates the quality of the impressions produced.Controlling the variable of pressure in the production of test footwear impressions - Corrected ProofKevin J. Farrugia, Philip Riches, Helen Bandey, Kathleen Savage, Niamh NicDaéid10.1016/j.scijus.2011.11.002Science & Justice (2011)2011-12-26Science & Justice2011-12-26http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001432/abstract?rss=yesIn the Stuart Kind Memorial lecture of 2007 John De Haan coined the phrase ‘bridge generation’ to describe forensic scientists who started their careers in the 70s and early 80s under the tutelage of the ‘modern pioneers’ who started in the 40s, 50s and 60s.Truth has many aspects - Corrected ProofJames Robertson10.1016/j.scijus.2011.11.001Science & Justice (2011)2011-12-19Science & Justice2011-12-19http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000955/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Research was carried out to determine whether the likelihood of obtaining a positive Acid Phosphatase (AP) test result is affected by the make and type of paper used. Also, we aimed to investigate the frequency of AP positive reactions occurring after 2min using a series of known semen dilutions and to determine whether spermatozoa transfer onto the paper during the act of AP screening.In this research, most brands of paper tested were able to detect a 1 in 40 semen dilution within 2min. Leaving AP test papers for longer will allow the detection of greater dilutions of semen and as the amount of ejaculation is not reliably known in most casework situations and levels of AP activity can vary in different men, this will increase the seminal detection rate in sexual offence allegations.The fallacy of the two-minute acid phosphatase cut off - Corrected ProofJ. Lewis, S. Jones, F. Baxter, A. Siemieniuk, R. Talbot10.1016/j.scijus.2011.08.003Science & Justice (2011)2011-12-12Science & Justice2011-12-12http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001080/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: A number of pigmented fibre samples were examined with plane polarized light on their dichroic behaviour by optical light microscopy (OLM) and microspectrophotometry with plane polarized light (MSP-PPL). It was found that about half of the samples show a strong dichroic effect and another 20% have a weak dichroism. Both regular (80%) and inversed dichroic effects (20%) occur. The dichroic characteristics of pigmented fibres can be compared to these of sheet polarizers. It is suggested that the dichroic behaviour of pigmented fibres depends strongly on the crystal structure (shape of the pigment grains) and the draw ratio (orientation of the polymer chains).Dichroism measurements in forensic fibre examination: Part 5—Pigmented fibres - Corrected ProofK. De Wael, L. Lepot10.1016/j.scijus.2011.10.002Science & Justice (2011)2011-12-12Science & Justice2011-12-12http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001122/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Currently there is no standard way of carrying out research into finger mark enhancement techniques. Individuals, groups or establishments tend to use different methodologies depending on a number of factors, especially finance and time. However, data published in the literature can be misleading to the forensic community if the data generated reflects research involving very few finger marks or if those finger marks have been deliberately doped with an unnatural balance of sweat or an unusual contaminant.This paper presents an experimental methodology which is intended to establish minimum standards for those carrying out finger mark enhancement research (at least within the United Kingdom) and bring some consistency to the process. It will aim to identify the many variables encountered when dealing with finger marks and suggest experimental methods to take these into account. It will also present the key stages of the progression of a process from a laboratory concept to a tool used on operational work.A methodology for finger mark research - Corrected ProofV.G. Sears, S.M. Bleay, H.L. Bandey, V.J. Bowman10.1016/j.scijus.2011.10.006Science & Justice (2011)2011-11-21Science & Justice2011-11-21http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001092/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: This letter explains why a recent study purporting to show that exposure to domain-irrelevant information caused DNA analysts to misinterpret a complex mixture does not warrant this conclusion on the basis of the data from the study.The design of “the first experimental study exploring DNA interpretation” - Corrected ProofDavid H. Kaye10.1016/j.scijus.2011.10.003Science & Justice (2011)2011-11-02Science & Justice2011-11-02http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001079/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The aim of this study was to verify that the combination of Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy and scanning electron microscope / energy dispersive X-ray mapping could be applied to line intersection problems. The spectral data of red seal ink, laser toner and their intersections, such as peak location and peak intensity, were described. Relative peak height ratios of different chemical components in intersecting lines were used to distinguish the sequences. Energy dispersive X-ray mapping characteristics of intersecting areas were also detailed. The results show that both the laser toner and the seal ink appear on the surface of intersections, regardless of the sequence. The distribution of the two inks on the surface is influenced not only by the sequence of heterogeneous lines but also by diffusion. Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray mapping are able to explore the chemical components and the corresponding elemental distribution in the intersections. The combination of these two techniques has provided a reliable method for sequencing intersecting lines of red seal ink and laser toner, and more importantly, this method may be a basis for sequencing superimposed lines from other writing instruments.Determination of the sequence of intersecting lines from laser toner and seal ink by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy and scanning electron microscope / energy dispersive X-ray mapping - Corrected ProofYuanfeng Wang, Bing Li10.1016/j.scijus.2011.10.001Science & Justice (2011)2011-10-31Science & Justice2011-10-31http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS135503061100102X/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Personal identification is based on the comparison between ante mortem and post mortem data which can be considered unique for each individual: palatal rugae represent a useful element for such a comparison, thanks to their apparent low variability with time and unique patterns. Literature however is scarce.This pilot study aims at assessing the reliability of palatal rugae in time and at developing an identification method based on their comparison. Two casts from the upper dental arch of 39 subjects were obtained in different periods of time; at their first cast, 85.2% of patients were less than 16years old. The second cast was performed after a period of time which varied between 4 and 65months later than the first cast. The first cast can be taken to simulate ante mortem information, the second post mortem information. Every cast was then digitised with a scanner. In the digital images the palatal rugae were highlighted by using Adobe® Photoshop® 7.0 software; each image was coded and a comparison between “simulated” ante mortem and post mortem data was performed. In all cases ante mortem and post mortem data from the same individual were correctly matched.The study seems to indicate that this technique is highly reliable and user friendly, even on subadults, where growth processes seem not to affect the specific morphology of palatal rugae.Palatal rugae as an individualising marker: Reliability for forensic odontology and personal identification - Corrected ProofD. De Angelis, F. Riboli, D. Gibelli, A. Cappella, C. Cattaneo10.1016/j.scijus.2011.09.002Science & Justice (2011)2011-10-13Science & Justice2011-10-13http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001031/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Situating events and traces in time is an essential problem in investigations. To date, among the typical questions issued in forensic science, time has generally been unexplored. The reason for this can be traced to the complexity of the overall problem, addressed by several scientists in very limited projects usually stimulated by a specific case. Considering that such issues are recurrent and transcending the treatment of each trace separately, the formalisation of a framework to address dating issues in criminal investigation is undeniably needed. Through an iterative process consisting of extracting recurrent aspects discovered from the study of problems encountered by practitioners and reported in the literature, common mechanisms were extracted and provide understanding of underlying factors encountered in forensic practise. Three complementary approaches are thus highlighted and described to formalise a preliminary framework that can be applied for the dating of traces, objects, persons and indirectly events.Situating forensic traces in time - Corrected ProofCéline Weyermann, Olivier Ribaux10.1016/j.scijus.2011.09.003Science & Justice (2011)2011-10-05Science & Justice2011-10-05http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001043/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: There have been many methods proposed to estimate the age of human bones in forensic medicine or in forensic anthropology, including those that assess histological structures. In this study, age was evaluated through the histomorphometric study of trabecular volume and cortical width of the right iliac crest. A total of 25 samples A total of 66 samples (42 male and 24 female) were obtained from necropsies of judicial cases, with ages ranging from 13 to 58years, who had died a sudden or violent death. The samples were obtained using Bordier's trocar for bone biopsy, in a period not exceeding 24h after death. The samples were examined without decalcification, with 96° alcohol dehydration, embedding in methyl methacrylate, and sectioned with a microtome Reichert (3μm). The sections were fixed on microscope slides and stained using toluidine blue, Goldner trichrome and hematoxylin-eosin methods. The samples were studied under a Leica DM LB microscope and the images were digitally captured. The digital images were processed using an image analysis program and data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The results demonstrated that the combination of the trabecular volume and cortical width acted as predictors of the age in subjects which did not suffer from any deterioration of bone and/or mineral metabolism.Age estimation through histological study of trabecular volume and cortical bone width of the iliac crest - Corrected ProofRafael Fernández Castillo, Douglas H. Ubelaker, Mirjana Djorojevic10.1016/j.scijus.2011.09.004Science & Justice (2011)2011-10-03Science & Justice2011-10-03http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611001006/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS), a novel ambient ionization technique, was used in this study for determining flunitrazepam in various alcoholic beverages. Using this technique, no pretreatment of the samples was necessary and identification of the drug was accomplished in individual samples in minutes. In addition, the acquired mass spectra provide the information of the identity of the drink based on the detected characteristic ions from the matrices. This study also demonstrates the capability of DESI-MS to perform quantitative analysis of simulated evidence samples with a limit of quantification of 3μg/mL. Furthermore it has been shown that this method can be used for high-throughput analysis whereby six samples were analyzed in a row within 6minutes and no observable sample carry-over was noted. DESI-MS shows potential as a rapid, sensitive, and selective technique for forensic analysis of spiked beverages which are typical evidence of drug facilitated sexual assault and robbery cases.Rapid determination of flunitrazepam in alcoholic beverages by desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry - Corrected ProofPaul D'Aloise, Hao Chen10.1016/j.scijus.2011.08.007Science & Justice (2011)2011-09-19Science & Justice2011-09-19http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000931/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Detecting and locating semen stains is addressed by identifying the associated acid phosphatase activity of semen. The recovery of semen stains is critical as it can, via DNA testing, address the possible source(s) of the semen and may aid in the interpretation of a case. The purpose of these experiments, carried out on behalf of the Body Fluids Forum, was to consider whether wetting the test paper alone or wetting the semen stained fabric and the test paper affected the detection and location of the semen stains on various fabric types, or the subsequent recovery of spermatozoa from these fabrics. It became evident that the preferred approach varied depending on the fabric type being tested but that more often than not, wetting both the fabric and the test paper had a detrimental effect on the recovery of spermatozoa.Acid phosphatase screening — Wetting test paper or wetting fabric and test paper? - Corrected ProofG. Davidson, T.B. Jalowiecki10.1016/j.scijus.2011.08.001Science & Justice (2011)2011-09-14Science & Justice2011-09-14http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000645/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The method of choice used by most terrorists for achieving political goals remains the utilization of explosive devices and there is always visible evidence at a crime scene after the deployment of such devices. Given favorable circumstances, forensic analysis can determine the cause of the explosion — the type of the explosive device, the means of detonation, the type and mass of the explosive charge that has been used and perhaps provide information to lead to the identity of the individual who may have constructed or deployed the explosive device, etc. Evidence of an explosion may take the form of a crater or other damage which may provide some information facilitating and estimating the mass of explosive material used. This paper reports the findings obtained by performing experimental explosions of known charges on a concrete surface, in order to establish the correlation between the charge weight and the effects of the explosion. Known masses of explosives were fired and the dimensions of craters made by explosions were measured. Five empirical equations for estimation of the explosive charge mass from crater dimensions were used.Estimation of explosive charge mass used for explosions on concrete surface for the forensic purpose - Corrected ProofIvana D. Bjelovuk, Slobodan Jaramaz, Dejan Mickovic10.1016/j.scijus.2011.07.003Science & Justice (2011)2011-09-05Science & Justice2011-09-05http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000979/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: A number of dyed acrylic and acetate fibre samples were examined with plane polarized light on their dichroic behavior by optical light microscopy (OLM) and microspectrophotometry with plane polarized light (MSP-PPL). It was found that most of these low birefringent fibres possess weak dichroic effects that are very hard to observe with microscopy. However, using MSP-PPL, the linear dichroism could be measured.A comparison between the dichroic effects found for the same disperse dyes on triacetate (TrAc), diacetate (Ac), polyester (PES) and polyamide (PA) shows that the linear dichroism follows the order: PA>PES >>TrAc, Ac.Dichroism measurements in forensic fibre examination. Part 4—dyed acrylic and acetate fibres - Corrected ProofK. De Wael10.1016/j.scijus.2011.08.005Science & Justice (2011)2011-09-05Science & Justice2011-09-05http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000864/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Forensic scientists may sometimes be asked to identify the presence of urine in cases such as harassment, rape or murder. One popular presumptive test method uses para-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC), favoured because it is simple, rapid and safe. This paper confirms that DMAC reacts with urea rather than creatinine, ammonia or uric acid. Sensitivity studies found that the 0.1% w/v DMAC solution currently used for urine identification detects levels of urea found in other body fluids, potentially resulting in false positives. A 0.05% w/v solution was found to be more appropriate in terms of sensitivity to urea however the test is still not specific for urine, giving positive reactions with a number of body fluids (saliva, semen, sweat and vaginal material) and other substances (foot lotion, hair removal cream and broccoli).Forensic identification of urine using the DMAC test: A method validation study - Corrected ProofSandy Y. Ong, Adrian Wain, Linda Groombridge, Eileen Grimes10.1016/j.scijus.2011.07.007Science & Justice (2011)2011-08-31Science & Justice2011-08-31http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000943/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: A survey was undertaken to determine the background level of paint flakes on the clothing of persons suspected of involvement in crime. The debris from 100 garments submitted for casework examination was studied and paint flakes recovered where present. Seventy two percent of garments bore one or more flakes. A total of 703 flakes were recovered; size, topcoat colour, and number and colour of any under-layers were recorded for each. The distribution of paint flakes on clothing surfaces and in pockets was also noted. Results were compared with the previously published survey of Pearson, May and Dabbs (1971). This survey provides scientists with an updated data set for reference when considering the strength of paint evidence.A survey of paint flakes on the clothing of persons suspected of involvement in crime - Corrected ProofRachel Moore, Delia Kingsbury, Joanna Bunford, Valerie Tucker10.1016/j.scijus.2011.08.002Science & Justice (2011)2011-08-29Science & Justice2011-08-29http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000840/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Apart from routine analysis of total morphine content required by the criminal justice system, quantification of other major components in illicit heroin has not been considered by the Malaysian enforcement laboratory. In order to quantify various other cutting agents in addition to alkaloids, a gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed to facilitate simultaneous quantification of eight target analytes commonly found in illicit heroin seized in Malaysia within a 12min run time. The validation results demonstrated high selectivity with the use of an HP Ultra 2 capillary column. Different solvents were studied and methanol:chloroform (1:9) proved best for sample dissolution. The method was repeatable and reproducible. The study ranges covering 50–150% of the preferred concentrations of the eight analytes obtained r2>0.9997. Limits of detection up to 6μg/mL were also obtained and the method achieved 99–102% recovery. The capability of the method in heroin profiling was verified using samples from ten case samples.Gas chromatographic method validation for the analysis of major components in illicit heroin seized in Malaysia - Corrected ProofKar-Weng Chan, Guan-Huat Tan, Richard C.S. Wong10.1016/j.scijus.2011.07.005Science & Justice (2011)2011-08-26Science & Justice2011-08-26http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000852/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The antioxidant properties of black and green teas are well known. It is also possible to determine their antioxidant capacity by using a chemiluminscent method. This method is based on the measurement of the delay in the emission of light from the luminol reaction in the presence of the antioxidant. Bloodstains which are invisible to the naked eye can also be detected by luminol. Three common methods (detection using the Grodsky or Weber formulations and by Bluestar® Forensic latent bloodstain reagent) are based on the luminol chemiluminescence reaction. The bloodstains can be masked by drinks and/or foods containing antioxidants. The aim of this work was to compare the ability of black and green teas containing antioxidants to cause false negative results during chemiluminescent bloodstain detection.Black and green tea — Luminol false-negative bloodstains detection - Corrected ProofMartina Bancirova10.1016/j.scijus.2011.07.006Science & Justice (2011)2011-08-25Science & Justice2011-08-25http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000839/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Compliance with the AFSP (Association of Forensic Science Providers) Standard [1] which concerns the formulation of an evaluative opinion requires consideration of the defence case. This can be problematic for forensic scientists working with or for law enforcement agencies. Among the aims of law enforcement agencies is to secure a conviction while in many jurisdictions the forensic scientist owes an overriding duty to the Court. This casework report demonstrates that early consideration of the defence case by a forensic scientist complying with the AFSP Standard may help rather than hinder the prosecution. The dichotomy as to a conflict of interest for the scientist between supporting the police/prosecutors and being scientifically objective is shown to be a false dichotomy. Compliance with the Standard ensures that science is a better servant of justice.The AFSP Standard — A lesson for law enforcement agencies - Corrected ProofSean Doyle, Dianne Doyle10.1016/j.scijus.2011.07.004Science & Justice (2011)2011-08-22Science & Justice2011-08-22http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000591/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Forensic interest in adhesive tapes with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) backings (electrical tape) derives from their use in a variety of illicit activities. Due to the range of physical characteristics, chemical compositions, and homogeneity within a single roll of tape, traditional microscopic and chemical analyses can offer a high degree of discrimination between tapes, permitting the assessment of potential associations between evidentiary tape samples. The carbon isotope ratios of tapes could provide additional discrimination among tape samples. To evaluate whether carbon isotope ratios may be able to increase discrimination of electrical tapes, particularly with regards to different rolls of tape of the same product, we assessed the δ13C values of backings from 87 rolls of PVC-based black electrical tape (~20 brands, >60 products) Prior to analysis, adhesives were removed to prevent contamination by adhering debris, and plasticizers were extracted because of concern over their potential mobility. This result is consistent with each of these tapes having approximately the same plasticizer δ13C value and proportion of carbon in these plasticizers. The δ13C values of the 87 PVC tape backings ranged between −23.5 and −41.3 (‰, V-PDB), with negligible carbon isotopic variation within single rolls of tape, yet large variations among tape brands and tape products. Within this tape population, carbon isotope ratios permitted an average exclusion power of 93.7%, using a window of +/−0.3‰; the combination of carbon isotope ratio measurement with additional chemical and physical analyses raises the discrimination power to over 98.9%, with only 41 out of a possible 3741 pairs of tape samples being indistinguishable. There was a linear relationship between the δ13C value of tape backings and the change in δ13C value with the extraction of plasticizers. Analyses of pre- and post-blast tape sample pairs show that carbon isotope signatures are within 0.3‰ of pre-blast values, indicating that carbon isotope values are largely preserved during an explosion.Forensic utility of carbon isotope ratio variations in PVC tape backings - Corrected ProofMarianne E. Dietz, Libby A. Stern, Andria Hobbs Mehltretter, Ashley Parish, Velvet McLasky, Roman Aranda10.1016/j.scijus.2011.05.003Science & Justice (2011)2011-07-06Science & Justice2011-07-06http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS135503061100058X/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Alcoholism is a complex genetically influenced disorder which refers to alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. There are controversial results on the role of gene polymorphisms in alcohol dependence in the literature. Differences in population groups and selective inclusion criteria for alcohol dependence may affect results. In this study, we investigated the role of ADH1B Arg48His (rs1229984) and, ADH1C Ile350Val (rs698) gene polymorphisms in Turkish population. 100 healthy volunteers and 75 patients who were admitted to Ege University Alcohol Dependence Unit enrolled in the study. We found significant increase both in ADH1B (Arg48His) polymorphism Arg allele and Arg/Arg genotype frequency in patients. No profound connection between alcohol dependence and ADH1C Ile350Val gene polymorphism was detected. Alcohol dependence is an important health problem that depends on many genetic and environmental factors but we think that it is possible to interpret genetic risk for developing early diagnostic methods and treatment strategies by comprehensive linkage and association studies.Determination of the effects of Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) 1B and ADH1C polymorphisms on alcohol dependence in Turkey - Corrected ProofEkin Ozgur Aktas, Aytaç Kocak, Ender Senol, Handan Ak Celik, Hakan Coskunol, Afig Berdeli, Hikmet Hakan Aydin10.1016/j.scijus.2011.05.002Science & Justice (2011)2011-06-22Science & Justice2011-06-22http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000530/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The application of social network theory to understanding the nature and occurrence of multiple transfers of particulate evidence is demonstrated to be a useful means of identifying the prevalence of such transfers. Four experimental scenarios of increasing complexity empirically demonstrate that this trace particulate evidence exhibits behaviour in accordance with that previously identified for hair and fibre evidence. However, the utilisation of social network concepts is demonstrated to add valuable insights into the behaviour of this form of evidence and is shown to be a useful tool in highlighting the complexity of evidence dynamics. The identification of the networks within which trace evidence is transferred has implications for the robust interpretation of particulate evidence during the process of crime reconstruction.Multiple transfers of particulates and their dissemination within contact networks - Corrected ProofJ.C. French, R.M. Morgan, P. Baxendell, P.A. Bull10.1016/j.scijus.2011.05.001Science & Justice (2011)2011-06-08Science & Justice2011-06-08http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000335/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: In light of past research being targeted to find specific particles which may be similar to gunshot residue (GSR), this project was formulated to detect any possible particulate by random particle fallout onto substrates at firework displays and to assess the impact this may have on GSR evidence. Firework residue was collected at a display site, from amongst spectators as well as from the author's hair 90min after the display. SEM–EDX analysis has detected such particulate in all three scenarios, with the firework particle population at large providing a solid ground for discrimination from GSR. Wind dispersal was found to decrease the particle population and subsequently, the latter's discriminatory power. Some particles, if treated individually were found to be indistinguishable from GSR. Findings also include residues which may mimic strontium based GSR as well as GSR which may be mixed with that from previous firings. The continuous changes made to primer and propellant compositions by manufacturers also call for greater consideration when classifying particles as originating from pyrotechnic devices. Furthermore, authorities such as police forces should be made more aware about the incidence of such particle transfer in firework related periods.Firework displays as sources of particles similar to gunshot residue - Corrected ProofMatthew Grima, Mark Butler, Robert Hanson, Ahmed Mohameden10.1016/j.scijus.2011.04.005Science & Justice (2011)2011-05-25Science & Justice2011-05-25http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030611000347/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: A critical investigation of 5-methylthioninhydrin (5MTN) is presented as a ‘dual action’ formulation component for the development of latent finger marks on paper substrates. Preparation of a dual action reagent was performed by combining proportions of 5MTN and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) in a pre-mixed solution. Developed prints (deposited on filter paper substrates) could be subsequently visualised in both colour and fluorescence modes. Finger mark quality was graded using a quartered print approach for a number of reagent compositions to deliver an optimised formulation recipe. To fully appraise 5MTN in comparison to currently employed chemistries, this reagent was evaluated against three alternative amino acid selective reagents, ninhydrin, 1,8-diazafluorenone (DFO) and 1,2-indandione/ZnCl2. Six common paper types were used for this purpose and split depletion finger marks from six donors were collected. Finger mark sets were also left for two days or two weeks to show the effect of ageing on development quality. For the first time, it was shown that 5MTN/ZnCl2 is effective as a ‘dual action’ reagent under the United Kingdom climate conditions. However, results presented herein show that the existing recommended chemistries and the 1,2 indandione/ZnCl2 process are all more effective than this new latent finger mark enhancement reagent. In a preliminary sequencing study, we show the effectiveness of the existing DFO–ninhydrin sequence over dual action reagents.An assessment of the effectiveness of 5-methylthioninhydrin within dual action reagents for latent fingerprint development on paper substrates - Corrected ProofNadia Porpiglia, Stephen Bleay, Lesley Fitzgerald, Leon Barron10.1016/j.scijus.2011.04.006Science & Justice (2011)2011-05-18Science & Justice2011-05-18http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030610000626/abstract?rss=yesThe Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2010.05.008. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.WITHDRAWN: Forensic Anthropology Laboratory - Corrected ProofB. Macdonald-McMillan, S. Paterson10.1016/j.scijus.2010.05.008Science & Justice (2010)2010-07-12Science & Justice2010-07-12http://www.scienceandjusticejournal.com/article/PIIS1355030607000445/abstract?rss=yesThe Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in Science & Justice, Volume 47 (2007), doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2007.08.001. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.WITHDRAWN: Sediment fingerprints: A forensic technique using quartz sand grains: A response - Corrected ProofPeter A. Bull, Ruth M. Morgan10.1016/j.scijus.2007.07.001Science & Justice (2007)2007-08-20Science & Justice2007-08-20